A Family Time Line

World Event

• 3^rd U.S. census was conducted officially on 6 August. The population of 17 states was 7,239,881 (a 36.4% increase since 1800). The population of major cities: New York = 96,373; Philadelphia = 53,722; Baltimore = 46,555; Boston = 33,787.
• Large parts of northwest Germany were incorporated directly into the First French Empire.
• Krupps iron works opened in Essen.
• John Jacob Astor founded the Pacific Fur Company on 23 June. He gathered a fantastic fortune.

World Event

• Ladbergen was part of the First French Empire in Arrondissement (Distrikt ) Osnabrück in the Département de l’Ems-Supérieur (Departement der Ober-Ems ).

World Event

• Napoleon's Grande Armée was defeated in Russia.
• War of 1812 began in North America.
• Louisiana was admitted as the 18^th U.S. state.
• A magnitude 8.3 earthquake struck on 2 February near New Madrid, Missouri, USA, temporarily reversing the course of the Mississippi River.
• Sacagawea, a Shoshone interpreter & guide to the Lewis & Clark Expedition, died.
• Charles Dickens was born.

World Event

• Napoleon's troops were defeated in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig on 16-19 October. It was the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I; an estimated 80,000 to 110,000 were killed or wounded.
• U.S. military forces captured York (now Toronto, Ontario); British troops captured Fort Niagara & burnt Buffalo, New York.

World Event

• Paris was captured in March by Coalition forces. Napoleon abdicated & was exiled to island of Elba. Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France.
• The Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Electorate of Hanover) was elevated to the Kingdom of Hanover in October by the Congress of Vienna.
• British forces burnt the White House & other government buildings in Washington, D.C. on 24 August. Francis S. Key wrote the lyrics to what later was adopted as the U.S. national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, while watching the British bombardment on 13-14 September of Fort McHenry in the harbor of Baltimore, Maryland.

World Event

• Emperor Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
• Deutscher Bund (German Confederation ) (1815-1866) was created.
• The City of Münster became capital of the new Province of Westphalia (Provinz Westfalen ), Kingdom of Prussia.
• Ladbergen, part of the First French Empire, was returned to the Kingdom of Prussia.

World Event

• From 10 August 1816 to 30 December 1831, Ladbergen was a village located in Kreis Münster, Regierungsbezirk Münster, Provinz Westfalen, Königreich Prueßen.
• Construction of the Erie Canal began at Rome, New York. It was completed in 1825.
• The first Seminole War began in Florida.
• Henry David Thoreau was born (died in 1862).

World Event

• The U.S. Congress officially adopted the thirteen stars & stripes configuration of the national flag on 4 April.
• Illinois became the 21^st state in the USA.
• Peter Durand received a US patent for preserving food (first patented in 1810 in Britain). His preferred container was the tin can. The country needed something to kick down the road.
• John Ross led an expedition to the Arctic to discover the Northwest Passage.

World Event

• 4^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 7 August. The population of 23 states was 9,638,453 (an increase of 33.1% since 1810). The population of major cities: New York = 123,706; Philadelphia = 63,802; Baltimore = 62,738; Boston = 43,298.
• In the Missouri Compromise, Maine was admitted to the U.S. as free state, while Missouri was to be admitted in 1821 as a slave state.
• Germany's population was 26 million.

World Event

• Brazil gained independence from Portugal with the creation of the Empire of Brazil / Império do Brasil (7 September 1822 - 15 November 1889).
• Cotton mills in Massachusetts begin producing cloth with water-powered machinery.
• In Johnson vs. M'Intosh, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that only the U.S. government had the right to decide the disposition of Native American land.

World Event

• Beginning of German emigration to Brazil.
• Joseph Aspdin (1779-1855), an English cement manufacturer, received a British patent for the production of Portland cement.
• When none of the four candidates won the national election, the U.S. House of Representatives selected John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) as the country's 6^th president (1825-1829).

World Event

• U.S. Congress adopted a policy of removal of Native American tribes from the east to territory west of the Mississippi River.
• Britsh workers were allowed to organize labor unions.

World Event

• Janissaries were massacred in Constantinople.
• The first railroad tunnel in England was built.

World Event

• Russo–Turkish War of 1828–1829 began.
• U.S. slave Isabella Baumfree (c.1797-1883) escaped slavery in New York. She became known as Sojourner Truth & in 1843 she joined the Northampton Association of Education & Industry at Northampton, Massachusetts.

World Event

• King's College London was founded.
• Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as the 7^th U.S. president on 4 March
• Goyahkla (a.k.a. "Geronimo"), leader of the Chiricahua Apache, was born on 16 June (died on 17 February 1909).

World Event

• 5^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 June. The population of 24 states was 12,860,702 (a 33.5% increase over 1820). The population of major cities: New York = 202,589; Baltimore = 80,620; Philadelphia = 80,462; Boston = 61,392.
• U.S. poet Emily Dickinson was born on 10 December at Amherst, Massachusetts.

World Event

• From 1 January 1832 to 1918, the village of Ladbergen was administratively part of Kreis Tecklenburg, Regierungsbezirk Münster, Provinz Westfalen, Königreich Prueßen.
• Black Hawk War in Illinois & Michigan Territory.
• Cholera broke out in the City of New York & spread through the country, reaching the Pacific coast by 1834; thousands died.

World Event

• The Deutsche Evangelische Kirchegemeinde, the oldest evangelical church west of the Mississippi River, was founded at Femme Osage, St. Charles County, Missouri, USA (known since 1957 as Femme Osage United Church of Christ ).
• The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• Oberlin College was founded in Ohio. It was the first coeducational college in the USA.

World Event

• German Zollverein began.
• Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery in most, but not all, of the British Empire.
• Cyrus H. McCormick received a U.S. patent for the reaper he invented in 1831.

World Event

• Mary Lyons founded Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary (later Mt. Holyoke College) at South Hadley, Massachusetts, USA.
• Battle of the Alamo was fought 23 February - 6 March at San Antonio, Texas, USA.
• First & Second McGuffey's Readers were published in USA.

World Event

• Prussia restricted child labor to a maximum of 10 hours a day.
• Charles Goodyear discovered a process for vulcanized rubber; he received a U.S. patent in 1844.
• German Lutheran Church on Charrette founded on 27 February at Holstein, Missouri, USA. The congregation changed its name in February 1848.

World Event

• 6^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 June. The population of 26 states was 17,063,353 (a 32.7% increase since 1830). The population of major cities: New York = 312,710; Baltimore = 102,313; New Orleans = 102,193; Philadelphia = 93,665.
• Der Deutsche Evangelische Kirchenverein des Westens (The German Evangelical Church Society of the West ) was founded on 15 October 1840 at Gravois Settlement, Missouri, USA.

World Event

• British forces occupied Hong Kong on 20 January during the First Opium War.
• U.S. Congress passed the Preemption Act of 1841, permitting most squatters who had lived on government land for at least 14 months to purchase up to 160 acres at a very low price (not less than $1.25 per acre) before the land was offered for sale to the public.

World Event

• Fire destroyed about a quarter of the inner city of Hamburg, Germany, on 4-8 May.
• In March, with Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that labor unions were legal organizations & had the right to organize a strike.
• In March, Dr. Crawford Williamson Long was the first physician to use ether as anesthesia for surgery.
• The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 9 August formalized the border separating the United States & Canada.

World Event

• Victoria, British Columbia, was founded in March by the Hudson's Bay Company as a trading post & fort.
• The Tivoli Gardens opened in August at Copenhagen, Denmark.
• A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, was published in December.
• Samuel Morse received $30,000 from the U.S. Congress to build an experimental telegraph line between Baltimore, Maryland & Washington, D.C. On 24 March 1844 he sent the first message: "What hath God wrought"

World Event

• Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Classs in England was published in Leipzig, Germany.
• In England, the Factory Act, forbad children under the age of 13 from working more than 6½ hours per day.

World Event

• The failure of the potato crop in Ireland sets off the Great Famine.
• John Franklin led an expedition to discover the Northwest Passage across the Arctic.
• The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was published.

World Event

• Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft (Hamburg-America Line) was founded.
• First U.S. postage stamps were issued in July.
• U.S. forces under General Winfield Scott entered Mexico City on 14 September during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).

World Event

• Revolutions of 1848 in the states of the German Confederation; afterwards, many citizens, called Forty-Eighters, immigrated to the USA.
• The church at Holstein, Missouri, USA changed its name in February to Die Deutsche Evangelische Kirche am Charette in Holstein (German Evangelical Church on Charrette). The name was changed again on 30 December 1883.
• Seneca Falls Convention at Seneca Falls, New York advocated for women's rights.
• Gold was discovered on 24 January near Sutter's Fort, California.

World Event

• St. Louis Fire on 17 May burned for 11 hours & destroyed a large part of city & many steamboats. The city was also in the midst of a cholera epidemic.
• California Gold Rush began.
• "Resistance to Civil Government" by Henry David Thoreau was published. It was later known as "Civil Disobedience."

World Event

• 7^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 June. The population of 30 states was 23,191,876 (a 35.9% increase over 1840). The population of major cities: New York = 515,547; Baltimore = 169,054; Boston = 136,181; Philadelphia = 121,376.
• Das Deutsche Evangelische Predigerseminar (German Evangelical Preachers Seminary) opened near Marthasville, Missouri, USA. This educational instituion of the German Evangelical Church became the present-day Eden Theological Seminary, at Webster Groves, Missouri.
• The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 became law in the USA, requiring that escaped slaves, upon capture, must be returned to their masters. Officials and residents of free states were required to uphold the law.

World Event

• Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was published.
• Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company got started in February at South Bend, Indiana, USA.

World Event

• Vincent van Gogh was born (died in 1890).
• With the Gadsden Purchase in December, the U.S. bought 30,000 square miles of land in the southwest (southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico.
• Smallpox vaccinations were made compulsory in England.

World Event

• 40,000-year-old human remains were discovered in the Neanderthal valley in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
• Sacking of Lawrence, Kansas, USA in May; part of anti- & pro-slavery violence in Kansas Territory & western Missouri (1854-1858).
• Gail Borden, Jr. (1801-1874) received a U.S. patent for condensed milk, an important field ration for U.S. soldiers in the Civil War.
• In May, Congressman Preston Brooks (South Carolina) beat Senator Charles Sumner (Massachusetts) with a cane in the U.S. Senate.
• Booker T. Washington was born in April (died in 1915).

World Event

• Sepoy Rebellion began in India.
• On 6 March, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott v. Sandford that people of African descent brought into the United States & held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution & could never be U.S. citizens; that the U.S. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories; that because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court; and, that slaves, as chattels or private property, could not be taken away from their owners without due process.
• Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in the U.S. on 23 March.

World Event

• Minnesota was admitted as the 32^nd state of the USA.
• Pike's Peak Gold Rush began in U.S. west.
• French warships attacked & occupied Da Nang in Vietnam.
• Max Planck was born.
• Oregon was admitted as the 33^rd state of the USA.
• Theodore Roosevelt was born.

World Event

• 8^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 June. The population of 33 states was 31,443,321 (a 35.6% increase since 1850).The population of major cities: New York = 813,669; Philadelphia = 565,529; Brooklyn = 266,661; Baltimore = 212,418.
• Garibaldi captured Sicily & Naples.
• Abraham Lincoln was elected 16^th U.S. President
• Pony Express began overland mail service in the USA between St. Joseph, Missouri & Sacramento, California - a distance of 1,900 miles.

World Event

• Emancipation of Russian serfs.
• The Confederate State of America was formed in Montgomery, Alabama. Civil War began in USA.
• Telegraph line opened between New York & San Francisco.
• Kansas was admitted as the 34^th state of the USA.
• West Virginia broke away from the state of Virginai and was admitted as the 35^th state of the USA.

World Event

• Bismarck became Prussian Prime Minister.
• U.S. Congress authorized first federal bank notes ("greenbacks").
• Homestead Act of 1862 became law in USA on 20 May. Successful applicants received freehold title to land, typically 160 acres, of undeveloped federal land west of the Mississippi River.
• U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on 22 September.

World Event

• At the end of November in Colorado territory, USA, a village of Cheyennes and Araphos camped near Sand Creek was attacked by members of the territorial military. At least 150-200 villagers, mainly women & children, were massacred. Many bodies were mutilated & body parts were put on public display by the soldiers.
• Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and his troops massacred approximately 300 African-American military prisoners, women & children at Fort Pillow, Tennesse, USA.
• Union General William Tecumseh Sherman and his troops marched through Georgia creating a swath of destruction.
• Austria and Prussia declared war on Denmark.

World Event

• Der Deutsche Evangelische Kirchenverein des Westens (The German Evangelical Church Society of the West) became Die Deutsche Evangelische Synode des Westens (The German Evangelical Synod of the West).
• A cholera epidemic struck many U.S. cities. At the height of the epidemic, about 200 people died each day at St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

World Event

• Completion of U.S. transcontinental railroad celebrated at Promontory, Utah on 10 May.
• The Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas, opened.
• Louis Riel led the Red River Rebellion in Canada.
• Wyoming Territory was the first political entity in the USA to allow women to vote.

World Event

• 9^th U.S. census was conducted. The population of 37 states was 38,558,371 (a 26.6% increase since 1860). The population of major cities: New York = 942,292; Philadelphia = 674,022; Brooklyn = 396,099; St. Louis = 310,864.
• In USA, the National Weather Service issued its first weather forecast on 1 November. The forecast warned of a windy day in Chicago. Current forecasts remain just as accurate.
• Franco-Prussian War began.
• First Vatican Council promulgates the doctrine of papal infallibility.
• In USA, John D. Rockefeller incorporated the Standard Oil Company. In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court declared Standard Oil an "unreasonable monopoly."

World Event

• The German Evangelical Proseminary was established at Elmhurst, Illinois, USA. In 1919, the name was changed to Elmhurst Academy & Junior College. It is now known as Elmhurst College. Rev. J.W. Fiegenbaum taught at the college from 1954 to 1962.
• "The Great Chicago Fire" burned from 8-10 October; 4 square miles (10 square kilometers) of the city were destroyed.

World Event

• U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed legislation designating Yellowstone the first national park on 1 March.
• U.S. General Amnesty Act of 1872 on 23 May pardoned most ex-Confederate soldiers.

World Event

• Germany adopts the Mark as unit of currency.
• Epidemics of yellow fever, cholera & smallpox in many southern U.S. cities.
• In United States v. Cook, the Supreme Court ruled that Native American tribes must obtain permission from the U.S. government before cutting timber on tribal lands unless the cutting is meant to clear land for farming.

World Event

• Severe frost at Ladbergen, Germany destroyed potato crop.
• Civil marriage became compulsory in Germany.

World Event

• Religious orders were abolished in Prussia.
• Matthew Webb was the first human to swim English Channel (21 hours, 45 minutes).

World Event

• Sioux & Cheyenne warriors defeated Lt. Colonel George A. Custer & the 7th U.S. Cavalry in June at the Battle of Little Bighorn River (know to Native Americans as the Battle of Greasy Grass).
• The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by "Mark Twain" (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) was published.
• Alexander G. Bell received a U.S. patented for the telephone. Cellular coverage was pathetic.
• Colorado became the 38^th state in the USA on 1 August.

World Event

• Die Deutsche Evangelische Synode des Westens (The German Evangelical Synod of the West) became Die Deutsche Evangelische Synode von Nord-Amerika (German Evangelical Synod of North America).
• In March, St. Louis formally ceded from St. Louis County & became an independent city.
• Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
• Frozen meat was shipped from Argentina to Europe for the first time.
• Thomas Edison demonstrated the phonograph at the offices of the "Scientific American" on 7 December.

World Event

• Yellow fever epidemic killed about 14,000 in southern USA.
• Great Britain & Afghanistan went to war.

World Event

• 10^th U.S. census was conducted on 1 June. For the first time, women were permitted to be enumerators. The population of 38 states was 50,189,209 (a 26% increase over 1870). The population of major cities: New York = 1,206,299; Philadelphia = 847,170; Brooklyn = 566,663; Chicago = 503,185.

World Event

• Poor harvest in Westphalia, Prussia brought famine.
• Flogging was abolished in the British Army & Navy.
• Booker T. Washington opened the Tuskegee Institute (today's Tuskegee University) on 4 July at Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.
• Famous gunfight occurred in October at the OK Corral at Tombstone, Ariziona, USA. There are still questions about what really happened.
• International population counts: India = 253 million; London = 3.3 million; Paris = 2.2 million; Berlin = 1.1 million; Vienna = 1 million; Tokyo = 800,000; Petersburg = 600,000.

World Event

• Chinese Exclusion Act barred emigration from China to the USA for 10 years. The federal law was renewed in 1892 & made permanent in 1902. It was not repealed until 1943 by the Magnuson Act.
• First Labor Day celebration held at New York City, USA.
• Town of Elmhurst, Illinois, USA incorporated.

World Event

• Germany introduced sickness, accident & old age insurances.
• U.S. reduced postal rate to 2¢ per half ounce.
• Brooklyn Bridge opened in New York, USA on 24 May.

World Event

• Church at Holstein, Missouri, USA changed its name on 1 January to Deutsche Evangelische Immanuels Kirche (German Evangelical Immanuels Church). There was another name change in 1934.
• Mark Twain published The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

World Event

• Louis Pasteur & Emile Roux developed the first rabies vaccination.
• Washington Monument was dedicated at Washington, D.C. on 21 February (cornerstone had been laid on 4 July 1848). It would open to the public in 1888.
• Statue of Liberty arrived in July in New York harbor from France (dedication was on 28 October 1886).
• Canadian Pacific Railroad completed.

World Event

• Haymarket Affair in Chicago, Illinois in May - civil unrest when police attempted to suppress protests against labor practices.
• Emily Dickinson died at Amherst, Massachusetts, on 15 May.

World Event

• Queen Victoria celebrated her Golden Jubilee.
• Yellow River overflowed in Honan, China; 900,000+ dead.
• Erwin Schrödinger was born. The cat came later.

World Event

• In USA, the "Oklahoma Land Rush" began officially at noon, 22 April. Approximately 50,000 would-be settlers rushed to claim 1.92 million acres of land previously given to Native American peoples.
• The USA admitted new states to the union: North & South Dakota on 2 November; Montana on 8 November; & Washington on 11 November.
• Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil was deposed; a republic was declared. A new constitution was adopted in 1891 creating the Republic of the United States of Brazil / República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil.

World Event

• 11^th U.S. census was conducted 1 June. The population of 42 states was 62,979,766 (a 25.5% increase over 1880). The population of major cities: New York = 1,515,301; Chicago = 1,099,850; Philadelphia = 1,046,964; Brooklyn = 806,343; St. Louis = 451,770. Almost all of this census was destroyed in 1921 by a fire in the Commerce Building in Washington, D.C.
• In December, U.S. troops massacred 200 Sioux at the Battle of Wounded Knee in South Dakota, USA.
• Ladybird beetles (ladybugs) were imported from Australia into U.S. to control the "attack" of cottony cushion scale insects on citrus trees in California.
• How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis documented with photographs the horrible living conditions faced by immigrants living in New York City's tenements.
• Wyoming & Idaho were admitted in July as the 43^rd & 44^th states of the USA.

World Event

• Cyclone struck Kansas, USA - 31 die, 2 towns destroyed.
• Boll weevils infested U.S. cotton fields.
• The vacuum flask (thermos) was invented by Sir James Dewar.
• Ellis Island Immigration Station began processing immigrants to the U.S. on 1 January.

World Event

• Fridtjof Nansen began northern polar circumnavigation in the ship Fram (1893-1896).
• World Columbian Exposition at Chicago, Illinois between 1 May 1 & 30 October attracted more than 25 million visitors.
• On 20 September, the Duryea Brothers road-tested the first, American-made, gasoline-powered automobile at Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
• Ice hockey was introduced into U.S. from Canada at Yale & John Hopkins Universities.
• Dvorak composed Symphony No.9 (From the New World ).

World Event

• Queen Victoria celebrated her Golden Jubilee.

World Event

• Boer War began.
• First Peace Conference was held at The Hague.
• Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams was published. Life has been a nightmare ever since.

World Event

• 12^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 June. The population of 45 states was 76,212,168 (a 21% increase over 1890). The population of major cities: New York = 3,437,202; Chicago = 1,698,575; Philadelphia = 1,293,697; St. Louis = 575,238; Boston = 560,892.
• Life expectancy in U.S. was 48 years for males & 51 years for females.
• Boxer Uprising in China.
• First test flight of the dirigible Zeppelin.
• World Exhibition in Paris.
• Kodak introduced the "Brownie" camera in February.

World Event

• Theodore Roosevelt became 26^th U.S. President.
• Marconi inaugurated wireless telegraphy.
• Cause of yellow fever discovered.
• U.S. military rule of Philippine Islands ended; a civil government was formed.
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty between U.S. and Britain allowed USA to build, operate & fortify a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Did anyone ask the Panamanians?

World Event

• Boer War ended; Orange Free State became a British Crown Colony. About 10,000 died in the fighting.
• Langston Hughes was born on 1 February at Joplin, Missouri, USA.

World Event

• In January, the Hay-Herran Treaty granted the United States a renewable lease in perpetuity from Colombia on the land proposed for the Panama Canal.
• Orville and Wilbur Wright took a short trip with their airplaine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, on 17 December. Their luggage was "misplaced."
• In Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that as the U.S. Congress was the legal guardian of the Kiowa people, it had the right to decide matters with consultation of the Kiowa. The confiscation two years earlier of 2 million acres of tribal land was allowed to stand.

World Event

• Russo-Japanese War began.
• Baltimore, Maryland fire on 7 February destroyed 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.
• First perfect major league baseball game in the "modern era" was pitched by Cy Young.
• World Exhibition was held t St. Louis, Missouri.
• A New York policeman arrested a woman for smoking a cigarette in public.

World Event

• First neon lights sighted.
• Novocain was introduced.
• First direct blood transfusion.
• Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity.
• United States Forest Service was established on 1 February.

World Event

• Zuider Zee drainage program began.
• San Francisco was struck by an earthquake at 5:12 a.m. on 18 April.
• Roald Amundsen traversed the Northwest Passage in Gjøa.
• U.S. civil & women's rights leader Susan B. Anthony died on 31 March.

World Event

• Henry Ford began production in the U.S. of the Model T automobile. Initial cost of $850 dropped to $310 in 1926.
• The Sullivan Ordinance was was made law in the City of New York, prohibiting women from smoking in pubic.

World Event

• The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in February.
• The U.S. Mint introduced the "Lincoln Head" penny, replacing the "Indian-head" penny.
• 700,000 acres of government land in Washington, Montana, and Idaho, USA was opened for settlement.

World Event

• 13^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 15 April. The population of 46 states was 92,228,496 (a 21% increase since 1900). The population of major cities: New York = 4,766,883; Chicago = 2,185,283; Philadelphia = 1,549,008; St. Louis = 687,029.
• John A. "Jack" Johnson out-boxed James J. Jeffries; race riots broke out across USA.
• First commercial air freight plane flight in USA - from Dayton to Columbus, Ohio.
• Pneumonic plague in China, killed 40,000+.
• Samuel Langhorne Clemens (a.k.a. Mark Twain) died on 21 April.

World Event

• HMS Titanic struck an iceberg on 14 April; 1,500+ lives lost.
• In March, the world learned that on 14 December 1911 Raold Amundsen & his team were the first humans to reach the South Pole.
• New Mexico & Arizona admitted as the 47^th & 48^th states of the USA.
• Bread & Roses Strike at Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA after wages of textile workers are cut.
• Boston Red Sox won World Series at the new Fenway Park.
• James Francis "Jim" Thorpe, a Native American from Oklahoma's Sac & Fox Nation, won gold medals in the pentathlon & decathlon during the 1912 Olympic Games in Sweden.

World Event

• The world learned that Scott & 4 other members of his team had died in 1912 attempting to be the first to the South Pole.
• Albert Schweitzer established a hospital at Lambaréné, French Equatorial Africa (now the Gabonese Republic).
• Ford Motor Co. set up moving assembly line in USA. Workers received $5-per-hour minimum wage and worked a 40-hour week.
• 16^th Amendment to U.S. Constitution established a federal income tax.
• 17^th Amendment to U.S. Constitution established the direct election of U.S. Senators.
• California Alien Land Law of 1913 (also known as the Webb-Haney Act) prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning agricultural land or holding long-term leases for such land. Directed towards Japanese immigrants, it also affected immigrants from China, India & Korea. This & similar laws were not invalidated until 1952.

World Event

• The first official transit of the Panama Canal occurred in August. The 40 mile structure had cost about $365 million to build.
• World War I started between the Allies and Central Powers.
• Ernest Schackleton led a British expedition to Antarctica.
• The last known passenger pigeon died in the Cincinnati (Ohio) Zoo.

World Event

• Balfour Declaration by Britain.
• Russian Revolution.
• On 6 April, USA declared war on Germany & entered World War I. Congress passed Selective Service Act, creating a military draft; canceled in November 1918.
• Registered motor vehicles in U.S. numbered 4.8 million; 1.7 million cars built that year - avg. price = $750.

World Event

• Russian Civil War. Czar & family executed
• World War I ended - 8.5 million dead, 21.2 million wounded, 7.75 million missing or POWs.
• 1918 flu (Spanish Flu) pandemic, involving the H1N1 influenza virus, from June 1918 to December 1920; between 50 & 100 million died worldwide.

World Event

• League of Nations established.
• Mussolini founded Italian Fascist party.
• Austria abolished death penalty.
• Weimar Republic established in Germany.
• 18^th Amendment to U.S. constitution was ratified on 16 January. The "Prohibition" of the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" in the United States went into effect on 17 January 1920 & would last until 1933.

World Event

• 14^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 January. The population of 48 states was 106,021,537 (a 15% increase over 1910). The population of major cities: New York = 5,620,048; Chicago = 2,701,705; Philadelphia = 1,823,779; Detroit = 993,078.
• Kapp Putsch took place in Berlin.
• Olympic Games held at Antwerp.
• 19^th Amendment to U.S. constitution was ratified on 18 August. It prohibited sex-based restrictions on voting.

World Event

• Race Riot took place at Tulsa, Oklahoma.
• Sacco & Vanzetti were convicted of murder in Massachusetts.
• Emergency Quota Act in USA established national quotas limiting immigration.
• USA formally ended World War I.
• Hyperinflation was rampant in Germany.
• Weimar Republic made first payment of WWI reparations.
• Adolf Hitler became Führer of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (Nazi Party).

World Event

• Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich. 1 U.S. dollar = 4 million German Marks.
• Martial law declared in Oklahoma, USA in response to Ku Klux Klan.

World Event

• Immigration Act of 1924 set racial quotas in US; restricted immigration of Southern & Eastern Europeans, & East Asians & Asian Indians.
• Tornado in USA destroyed 35 towns in Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky & Missouri; 800 dead, 3000 injured, 15,000 homeless.
• Indian Citizenship Act (Snyder Act ), granting full U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans, was signed into law on 2 June.

World Event

• Die Deutsche Evangelische Synode von Nord-Amerika (German Evangelical Synod of North America) became the Evangelical Synod of North America.
• In July, John Thomas Scopes was put on trial in Tennessee for teaching the theory of evolution in the public schools of Dayton.

World Event

• First flights by airship & plane over the North Pole.
• Permanent wave, for hair styles, was invented.
• Robert Goddard launched first liquid fueled rocket.
• Ernest Hemingway published The Sun Also Rises.

World Event

• 15^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 April. The population of 48 states was 123,202,624 (a 16.2% increas over 1920). The population of major cities: New York = 6,930,446; Chicago = 3,376,438; Philadelphia = 1,950,961; Detroit = 1,568,662.
• Richard Drew, of 3M, invented "Scotch Tape."

World Event

• Empire State Building completed at New York.
• Al Capone was convicted of income tax evasion.
• German banks collapsed.
• U.S. unemployment reached 20-25%.

World Event

• Evangelical Synod of North America merged with the Reformed Church in the United States to become the Evangelical & Reformed Church.
• On 26 June 1934, the church at Holstein, Missouri changed its name to Immanuels Evangelical & Reformed Church.

World Event

• 16^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 April. The population of 48 states was 132,164,569 (a 7.3% increase over 1930). The population of major cities: New York = 7,454,995; Chicago = 3,396,808; Philadelphia = 1,931,334; Detroit = 1,623,452.

World Event

• Siege of Leningrad lifted. Allies invaded Sicily; began round-the-clock bombing of Ruhr area of Germany.
• Polio epidemic in USA killed 1,151.
• Jacques Cousteau invented the aqualung.

World Event

• Charles Yeager broke the sound barrier on 14 October in the experimental Bell X-1 at Mach 1.

World Event

• Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell was published.

World Event

• 17^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 April. The population of 48 states was 151,325,798 (a 14.5% increase over 1940) The population of major cities: New York = 7,891,957; Chicago = 3,620,962; Philadelphia = 2,071,605; Los Angeles = 1,970,358.
• Town of Ladbergen, North Rhine-Westphalia, BRD celebrated its 1,000 year anniversary.

World Event

• The first color television program in the USA was broadcast on 25 June.

World Event

• In the USA, The Evangelical & Reformed Church & the Congregational Christian Churches merged to form the United Church of Christ.
• The congregation at Holstein, Missouri changed its name to Immanuels United Church of Christ.
• Zion Evangelical & Reformed Church at Mayview, Missouri changed its name to Zion United Church of Christ.

World Event

• Alaska & Hawaii become the 49^th & 50^th states of the USA.

World Event

• 18^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 April. The population of 50 states was 179,323,175 (a 18.5% increase over 1950) The population of major cities: New York = 7,781,984; Chicago = 3,550,404; Los Angeles = 2,479,015; Philadelphia = 2,002,512.

World Event

• Creation of the Federative Republic of Brazil / República Federativa do Brasil (RFB)
• On 12 June 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. Several states maintained anti-miscegenation laws even though the Supreme Court decision rendered them unenforceable. The last of these state laws was removed by ballet initiative in 2000.
• The World's Fair - Expo 67 - was held at Montreal, Québec, Canada. The U.S. pavilion was a geodesic dome - á la Buckminster Fuller.

World Event

• 19^th U.S. census was conducted officially on 1 April. The population of 50 states was 203,302,031 (a 13.4% increase over 1960) The population of major cities: New York = 7,894,862; Chicago = 3,366,957; Los Angeles = 2,816,061; Philadelphia = 1,948,609.